Measurement and Evaluation Challenges in Distance Education: Systematic Review and Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

The challenges experienced in measurement and evaluation during the distance education process among student and instructor groups are discussed in the study. A qualitative meta-synthesis method is used in this research. Twenty studies were included in the meta-synthesis. The challenges experienced by the instructors are program utilization, technological inadequacies, a lack of in-service seminars, online exam diversity, inconsistency between what is measured and what is intended to be measured, interference of other features with the measurement, unsuitability of the measurement tools, academic dishonesty, lack of control over online exam diversity, preparation and grading challenges, infrastructural issues, and a lack or latency of feedback. Challenges experienced by learners include alienation to the electronic environment, language, technological inadequacies, lack of materials, validity-reliability issues, application difficulty, lack of guidance in exams, infrastructural issues, network problems, lack of interest and motivation, anxiety about online exams, and avoidance and resistance to self-disclosure in virtual environments.

A meta-synthesis of the transitioning experiences and career progression of migrant African nurses.

INTRODUCTION: With the rise in global migration, hospitals and health systems in developed countries are looking to supplement their workforces with migrant nurses who have been reported to feel devalued, underutilized with experience of deskilling and unmet expectations as they transitioned. Despite the plethora of literature reporting on the experiences of internationally trained nurses, only limited work has been done regarding understanding the experiences of Migrant African nurses. Thus, this study sought to synthesize existing qualitative studies to develop in-depth understanding of the transitioning experiences of migrant African nurses, their career progression and to highlight existing gaps to guide future studies as well as inform policies. METHOD: A meta-synthesis was performed and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research statement. A pre-planned search strategy was developed guided by the SPIDER tool for qualitative synthesis searching EMBASE via OVID, CINAHL via EBSCO, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsychINFO databases. We included published studies that 1) focused on migrant African nurses, 2) employed a qualitative design and 3) reported in English. RESULTS: The search yielded 139 studies of which nine studies met the inclusion criteria and included in final synthesis. Three themes with corresponding subthemes emerged from data synthesis: 1) Navigating reality shock (a. Navigating a new culture, b. Survival strategies and support amidst the shock); 2) Discrimination and limited opportunities for promotion (a. Prejudices and preference for White over Black, b. Lack of recognition and limited opportunities for a workplace promotion); and 3) Finding one's feet (a. Standing up for oneself and looking beyond discrimination, b. Experiencing growth). CONCLUSION: Transitioning to a new setting can be a challenging experience for migrant African nurses warranting the availability of a tailor-made adaptation or orientation programme. Though African nurses may experience discrimination and prejudices as part of their transition, they consider their situation to be better off compared to back home. Therefore, clear transitioning policies which focus on career pathways are required by hiring institutions, and migrant nurses should be proactive in taking active roles in pushing their career ahead, instead of maintaining a culture of silence.

Nursing students' experiences with patient death and palliative and end-of-life care: A systematic review and meta-synthesis.

AIM: To synthesise the experiences of nursing students encountering patient death and caring for patients under palliative care or at end-of-life and their families in clinical settings BACKGROUND: Nurses are pivotal in caring for dying patients and families. It has been reported that nursing students feel unprepared in caring for dying patients and handling patient death. Understanding their experiences would better inform how palliative care education can be improved and how students can be better supported in clinical settings. DESIGN: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis METHODS: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed articles and theses/dissertations published between 1 January 2012-25 Feb 2023. Qualitative studies of any design reporting nursing students' experiences of patient death, caring for patients under palliative care, at end-of-life, or with time-limiting diseases in clinical settings in English were included. Study quality was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. Data were synthesised using Sandelowski and Barroso's 2-step framework through a meta-summary using thematic analysis, which were then integrated into meta-syntheses using an event timeline. RESULTS: The review included 71 studies from 26 countries (n = 1586 nursing students). The meta-summary contained 8 themes and 23 subthemes: (1) Communication experience with patients and families, (2) Satisfaction with care provided to patients and families, (3) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on death and dying, (4) Perceptions of death and dying, (5) Impact of death, (6) Nursing education on palliative end-of-life care, (7) Support systems and coping methods, (8) Learning outcomes. The meta-synthesis depicted nursing students' experiences before, during and after encountering dying patients, families and patient death. Suggestions for nursing faculty and clinical staff on how they could equip students with necessary skills and knowledge and support them in clinical settings were also provided. CONCLUSIONS: While caring for dying patients and families was beneficial to nursing students' learning and professional development, they encountered many challenges. Governments, clinical and academic nursing leaders must prioritise the integration of palliative care content into the curricula across nursing schools in face of increasing palliative and end-of-life care needs in patients. Nursing schools should ensure that students are adequately prepared by designing culturally and socioeconomically relevant curricula, integrating theoretical and experiential learning and offering students a thorough understanding of palliative and end-of-life care. Clinical staff and nursing instructors should support students emotionally and guide them in patient care.

Experience in the development of nurses' personal resilience: A meta-synthesis.

AIM: Nurses play roles in hospitals, families, society and other aspects and often face stress sources, such as heavy workload, doctor-patient conflict and medical accidents. Resilience can help the nurses to avoid or reduce various adverse consequences caused by stress sources; however, this phenomenon remains ill-defined and under-researched. The aim of this review was to summarize the experiences of development of nurses' resilience and explore the reasons for the formation of resilience by examining the findings of the existing qualitative studies. DESIGN: The review is a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, and Ovid and Chinese databases include the following: Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database (CECDB), VIP Database and China Biomedical Database (CBM). REVIEW METHODS: Relevant publications were identified by systematic searches across 11 databases in June 2021. All qualitative and mixed-method studies in English and Chinese that explored the experiences of development of nurses' resilience were included. The qualitative meta-synthesis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Two independent reviewers selected the studies and assessed the quality of each study. Meta-synthesis was performed to integrate the results. RESULTS: A total of nine studies revealed 10 sub-themes and three descriptive themes: being psychologically strong, physical positive coping and adoption of external support. CONCLUSION: Several factors contributed to the development of nurses' resilience, and various supporting strategies in the nursing management and education are helpful to their adaption ability. However, it is necessary to focus on the cultivation of nurses' resilience to improve the quality of clinical nursing. Leaders or organizations are required to establish and sustain multifaceted strategies to improve nurse' resilience through scientific resilience training programmes and improved organizational support.

Experiences of nurses providing care for patients with COVID-19 in acute care settings in the early stages of the pandemic: A thematic meta-synthesis study.

AIM: The aim of this work is to synthesize and interpret qualitative research examining the experiences of nurses providing care for patients with COVID-19 in acute care settings in the early stages of the pandemic in different countries. BACKGROUND: The prevalence of disasters, including the pandemic, is increasing globally. It is important to understand nurses' experiences in depth to effectively manage extraordinary events that may occur in the future. DESIGN: This is a thematic meta-synthesis study. METHODS: Electronic databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, OVID, and Scopus, were searched for publications from December 2019 to October 2020. The search was updated for publications to 30 May 2022. The thematic synthesis method was used to analyse and interpret the data. FINDINGS: The experiences of the nurses giving care to patients with COVID-19 were grouped under four themes: (1) Difficulties encountered in the care of patients with COVID-19; (2) mixed emotions experienced in the care of patients with COVID-19; (3) coping strategies that nurses used in the management of the pandemic; (4) the benefits of the COVID-19 to nurses. CONCLUSION: Nurses faced many difficulties and experienced mixed emotions while providing care for patients with coronavirus disease. Perceived social support was seen as the most important strategy for coping with these difficult situations. It is important to be aware of the difficulties and emotions experienced by nurses and support them during the COVID-19 pandemic for the management of future pandemics.

Clinical experiences of final-year nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-synthesis.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to qualitatively synthesise existing literature to examine the clinical nursing experiences of final-year nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide recommendations for the effective management of clinical placement of nursing students. DESIGN: A qualitative systematic review was conducted and reported following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. DATA SOURCES: Five electronic databases were searched and qualitative studies were included for analysis if they focussed on the clinical nursing experiences of final-year nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. REVIEW METHODS: Data synthesis was conducted by extracting all findings, developing categories, and producing synthesised findings. RESULTS: Four synthesised findings were concluded: 1) facing the unknown and willingness to help, 2) challenging the clinical environment, 3) transition improving professional identity, and 4) finding ways out of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The transition of nursing students to clinical nursing practice during the pandemic is a personally and professionally challenging process, while nursing students try to adapt to the changing clinical environment and enhance their professional identity. Nursing managers and health policymakers should acknowledge the challenges encountered by nursing students during the pandemic and support the professional growth of future nursing teams by providing high-quality supervision.

Experiences of intensive care unit nurses working with COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.

Objectives: Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nurses are at the forefront of fighting and treating the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and are often directly exposed to this virus and at risk of disease, due to their direct care for infected patients. This study aims to synthesize the experiences of ICU nurses working with COVID-19 patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies were undertaken. A systematic literature search in four databases, including Web of Sciences, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed (including Medline), was performed. Original qualitative studies and the qualitative section of mixed method studies, written in English, which focused on the experiences of only ICU nurses working with COVID-19 patients, were included. Results: Seventeen qualitative studies and two mixed-method studies were included in the review. As a result of the inductive content analysis, six main categories were identified, as follows: "distance from holistic nursing," "psychosocial experiences," "efforts for self-protection and wellbeing," "organizational inefficiency," "job burnout," and "emerging new experiences in the workplace." Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that healthcare authorities and policymakers can facilitate the provision of high-quality patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic through appropriate planning to provide adequate support and training, prevent shortages of nursing staff and equipment, and provide adequate attention to the psychological needs and job satisfaction of ICU nurses. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=256070, identifier: CRD42021256070.

Experience of clinical nurses engaged in caring for patients with COVID-19: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: This qualitative review summarises and synthesises the available evidence on subjective experiences of clinical nurses who cared for patients with COVID-19. BACKGROUND: Nurses are first responders and play a vital role in emerging infectious disease epidemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, they also face many difficulties and challenges related, for example to the imbalance between extensive demands and low control over work tasks. DESIGN AND METHOD: A systematic review of qualitative studies and meta-synthesis focused on the experiences of clinical nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 during the pandemic was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 279 findings were extracted, aggregated into 21 categories and combined into seven synthesised findings, namely (1) professional nursing practice during the pandemic, (2) support systems, (3) somatic sensations and psychological experiences, (4) difficulties and challenges, (5) coping strategies and behaviour, (6) impact on life, profession and values, and (7) needs and expectations for the future. CONCLUSION: Nurses encountered considerable difficulties and challenges in caring for patients with COVID-19. Nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 need more support from organisations, families and society. It is essential to explore positive coping strategies suitable for working in different cultural backgrounds. Policymakers and decision-makers should pay attention to the experiences and voices of nurses. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is critical for nurse managers to consider how to enhance the support system and help nurses develop adaptive coping strategies in response to COVID-19. Nurses' experiences and voices are valuable in improving health emergency response systems. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: There was no patient or public contribution.

A META SYNTHESIS ON ARTICLES OF “EDUCATION IN TURKEY AND IN THE WORLD DURING PANDEMIC PERIOD” IN SPECIAL ISSUE OF NATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL

The coronavirus pandemic period, which has been on the agenda since the end of 2019 and has brought rapid change and transformation to all countries, continues to deeply affect every sector. The distance education practices, which were initiated compulsorily during the pandemic period, made it necessary to consider and examine the period from various angles;As a requirement of data-based management, various researches have been made and articles have been written on the subject. Concerning new processes in education in Turkey and in the world during the pandemic period, strategies for education and training after the pandemic, new teacher competencies and skills to be acquired by students, both distance and face-to-face education processes in the context of lifelong learning and issues that may be related to education during the pandemic period, the Journal of National Education published academic articles in a “Special Issue”. The purpose of this study is to make a general evaluation of the articles in the special issue of “Education in Turkey and the World in the Pandemic Period” of the Journal of National Education. 39 Special Issue articles were included in this study. According to the results obtained, MoNE’s institutional flexibility and human resources that can adapt quickly to change, the opportunity of distance education environments for some disadvantaged groups and parent participation were evaluated as advantages during the pandemic period. Lesson participation problems in the process, lack of motivation, measurement-evaluation method uncertainties, and the inability to teach applied lessons with the efficiency they should be are also seen as the disadvantages of the process. Despite the possible disadvantages of an unprepared situation, it has been a point agreed by all education stakeholders that the new educational environment gains will continue to exist in the future. According to the results of the articles, the strengths and weaknesses of the education system, its opportunities and threats were determined with the swot analysis logic. Various recommendations have been presented based on the findings. © 2022, Milli Egitim. All Rights Reserved.

Identify and prioritize the factors affecting fiscal discipline in Municipalities

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Global events in recent months, such as the (COVID-19) pandemic, have put pressures on the public budget especially in municipalities that have made it more difficult to understand and measure. Meanwhile, Fiscal discipline as one of the most basic concepts of optimal management of resources and expenditures requires purposeful research and in this regard, the present study was conducted to identify and ranking the factors affecting the fiscal discipline of Municipalities to improve financial aspects of urban management. METHODS: In this research, the mixed exploratory approach has been used so that the qualitative method has played an exploratory role and the quantitative method has played a confirmatory role. Also, in the qualitative stage, the Meta-Synthesis Method and in the quantitative stage, the Shannon entropy method have been used to ranking the factors. FINDINGS: By reviewing 34 studies out of 114 initial studies, researchers identified 14 Indicators and 110 codes as factors affecting the Fiscal discipline of Municipalities mentioned in various studies during the years 2000 to early 2021;identified and categorized in the form of four balanced scorecard (BSC) perspectives. CONCLUSION: The results of this research, in addition to the richness of the literature on the concept of fiscal discipline, assist municipalities in managing fiscal discipline and supervisory institutions in assessments by providing a categorized checklist of factors. © 2022 Medical Information Center. All rights reserved.

The lived experience of healthcare workers in quarantine: Findings of a systematic review, meta-synthesis and meta-summary.

AIMS: In pandemics, infection exposure and quarantine represent critical occupational risks for healthcare workers (HCWs). However, while the psychological consequences of HCWs' quarantine have been reviewed, other potential implications of quarantine on HCWs, such as those that are work-, professional-, social- and private-related, have not been summarised to date. Summarising quarantined HCWs' experiences in the current and past pandemics, as investigated with qualitative studies, might improve awareness of their needs, concerns, and the consequences of quarantine on their personal lives. Therefore, the lived experience of quarantined HCWs was reviewed and subjected to meta-synthesis and -summary. METHODS: A systematic review of qualitative studies followed by a meta-synthesis and -summary allowing an interpretative integration of the findings of qualitative studies, was performed. PubMed, CINHAL and Scopus databases were explored up to 31 January, 2021, without any limitation in time. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Methods and findings are reported according to the Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research statement. RESULTS: A total of 635 records were retrieved and five studies were included. Overall, five themes summarised the lived experience of quarantined HCWs: 1) Being emotionally challenged; 2) Living the quarantine limitations; 3) Losing freedom; 4) Accepting the quarantine; and 5) Staying away from me. The most frequent categories across studies were 'Feeling stressed' and 'Being constrained' (both 100%). The least frequent were 'Feeling sad' (20%), 'Enjoying my family' (20%) and 'Being refused as a family member' (20%). CONCLUSIONS: The lived experience of HCWs is multidimensional, the implications of which also affect private spheres of life: the immediate family and wider relatives. Understanding and learning from HCWs' lived experiences might support policymakers, public health authorities and managers with the goal of maintaining the highest physical and mental health of staff during outbreaks. Timely services supporting HCWs, both during and after episode(s) of quarantine, are suggested to prevent additional burdens on frontline professionals.

Experiences of patients and providers while using telemedicine in cancer care during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative literature.

PURPOSE: The objective of this meta-synthesis was to identify, appraise, and synthesize patients and provider's experiences while using telemedicine in cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The databases Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and other related databases were searched. Reviewers followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) meta-aggregation method to identify categories and synthesized findings and to assign a level of confidence to synthesized findings. The listed quotations and the original author interpretations were synthesized using MAXQDA software. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included in the meta-synthesis. Three synthesized findings emerged from 243 primary findings: telemedicine assists but cannot be a substitute for face-to-face appointments in a health care crisis and in the provision of routine care to stable patients with cancer, infrastructural drivers and healthcare provider's support and attention affect patients' experiences and feelings about telemedicine, and patients who use telemedicine expect their health care providers to devote enough time and consider emotional needs, the lack of which can develop a negative response. The methodological quality of the studies ranged between 4 and 10, and the overall level of confidence of the synthesized findings was determined to be low and medium. CONCLUSION: The findings from this meta-synthesis gave a new insight to promoting the safe and evidence-based use of telemedicine during the current pandemic and future emergencies.

Beyond the control of the care home: A meta-ethnography of qualitative studies of Infection Prevention and Control in residential and nursing homes for older people.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop interpretive insights concerning Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) in care homes for older people. DESIGN: This study had a meta-ethnography design. DATA SOURCES: Six bibliographic databases were searched from inception to May 2020 to identify the relevant literature. REVIEW METHODS: A meta-ethnography was performed. RESULTS: Searches yielded 652 records; 15 were included. Findings were categorized into groups: The difficulties of enacting IPC measures in the care home environment; workload as an impediment to IPC practice; the tension between IPC and quality of life for care home residents; and problems dealing with medical services located outside the facility including diagnostics, general practice and pharmacy. Infection was revealed as something seen to lie 'outside' the control of the care home, whether according to origins or control measures. This could help explain the reported variability in IPC practice. Facilitators to IPC uptake involved repetitive training and professional development, although such opportunities can be constrained by the ways in which services are organized and delivered. CONCLUSIONS: Significant challenges were revealed in implementing IPC in care homes including staffing skills, education, workloads and work routines. These challenges cannot be properly addressed without resolving the tension between the objectives of maintaining resident quality of life while enacting IPC practice. Repetitive staff training and professional development with parallel organisational improvements have prospects to enhance IPC uptake in residential and nursing homes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: A carer of an older person joined study team meetings and was involved in writing a lay summary of the study findings.

Navigating through motherhood in pregnancy and postpartum periods during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis.

AIM: The aim of this work is to critically appraise and synthesize the qualitative studies on the experiences, perspectives, and consequences of pregnant women experiencing motherhood during the COVID-19 pandemic. BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a threat to the health of pregnant women. Such a pandemic disrupted their routine care, as well as normal daily life. However, little is known about their coping strategies to the changes brought by COVID-19. EVALUATION: A qualitative systematic review was conducted according to the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) checklist. A meta-aggregative approach rooted in pragmatism and Husserlian transcendental phenomenology was used to synthesize the findings. Dependability and credibility of both study findings and synthesized findings were appraised by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) ConQual process. KEY ISSUES: Key issues include (a) pregnant women experienced changes in routine care, (b) pregnant women used a range of strategies to cope with the consequence of the pandemic, (c) pregnant women struggled to embrace motherhood, and (d) pregnant women received different levels of social support. CONCLUSION: Facing challenges caused by the pandemic, pregnant women used a variety of strategies to cope with and adapt to the changes, but sometimes the adaption is limited. Emotional, instrumental, and informational support should be provided to them in an accessible way. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: As an essential part of policymakers, nursing managers should consider the balance between restriction and the accessibility of maternity care. It is also crucial for them to consider how to provide necessary support in an accessible way.

Psychological experience of infected individuals during the pandemic: A qualitative meta-synthesis

The purpose of this review is to integrate the psychological experience of infected individuals during the pandemic. The spread of the pandemic has led to psychological and emotional impacts on patients. A qualitative synthesis is needed to identify, appraise, and integrate the available qualitative findings to provide an evidence for the development of interventions. A meta-aggregation approach was used to analyze studies published in English from January 2020 to August 2021. The JBI Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. The ConQual system was used to establish the dependability and credibility in the synthesized findings. Six phenomenological studies and one narrative inquiry with an overall quality score of 70%-100% were included. The research findings from 87 participants in eligible studies were aggregated into three categories based on similarity of meaning. Two synthesized findings were generated and rated as moderate based on the ConQual score. The synthesized findings suggested that participants had psychological distress such as fear, anxiety, loneliness, and uncertainty, but they accepted the fact of being infected and tried to adjust themselves using some self-coping strategies, such as diverting attention from disease, seeking help from professional counselors, relying on religious beliefs, and participating in religious activities. They would like to learn more about infections and diseases and needed more informational support from health-care professionals. They were looking forward to recovery from the disease. © 2022 Journal of Integrative Nursing Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.

University Students’ Opinions about Mobile Learning: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis by ENTREQ Statement (2000-2020)

The place and significance of technology in education concerning concepts like e-learning, mobile learning, distance learning, and flipped classroom have been the focus of research for a long time. Moreover, during the recent pandemic due to Covid-19 outbreak in the world, the distance education model turned up as an alternative to traditional face-to-face education system. Above all, most universities worldwide have adopted distance education, and the use of mobile technologies has become a requirement. This way, the importance of mobile learning has become all the more evident. This study aimed to interpret and discuss the findings of existing qualitative research into university students’ mobile learning practices and reasons behind why they do or do not prefer mobile learning, by employing a systematic method of research, that is, meta-synthesis. As a result of this meta-synthesis research (N = 10), the university students’ reasons for preferring mobile learning were classified as educational reasons, reasons regarding communication, making life easier, and belief. On the other hand, their reasons for not preferring mobile learning were classified under the categories of technical problems, economic problems, ergonomic problems, belief, and reliance on face-to-face education. Besides yielding similar results to those in the literature, this study drew attention to creating opportunities for using educational mobile learning applications, the issue of personal data security, and the educators’ resistance to technology. It was also concluded that a two-way understanding of mobile learning existed, i.e., it was regarded as saving or wasting time. © 2022, FACTEACHEREDUCATION. All rights reserved.

The Need for Human Resource Management in the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Crisis;A Meta-Synthesis Study

Background. The crisis caused by the novel coronavirus in 2019 has caused challenges and problems in most organizations and created difficulties for employees who are the most important organizational resource. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify the components of human resources (HR) during the new coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis, based on previous researches in this field. Material. This is a Meta-Synthesis study. Using the 4 keywords of human resources, human resource management, coronavirus, COVID-19, the researchers explored literature databases of Proquest, The Scientific Information Database (SID), Web of Science, Emerald journals as well as Google Scholar, the specialized search engine, in 2019-2021. The number of sources initially found was 1,029, of which 921 articles were rejected because of the title. The total number of screened s was 108, 16 of which we rejected on the basis of the s and 27 of which we rejected in view of content, leaving us with 65 final articles to be reviewed. Three universal themes, three constructive themes, 11 basic themes and 117 codes were extracted. Results. Based on the findings of this study social opportunities and threats are the biggest challenges for human resources. The HR unit should also focus on issues such as virtualization of work and work environment, the degree of external environment support for the organization's employees, how to restructure jobs, health, and psychological challenges, as well as economic and internal challenges. Conclusion. In dealing with the coronavirus, human resource managers should pay special attention to components such as virtualization of work and work environment, support of the external environment for employees of the organization, restructuring of jobs, health and psychological requirements and challenges, whether they be social, economic, or intra-organizational.

Nurse's Psychological Experiences of Caring for Severe COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis.

Background: COVID-19 has been listed as an international public health emergency. During the pandemic, the nurses were affected physically and mentally when in contact with and caring for patients infected with COVID-19, especially those in intensive care units (ICUs). Objective: To summarize and evaluate the actual psychological experience of nurses caring for patients with severe pneumonia in the ICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Relevant publications were identified by systematic searches across 11 databases in December 2021. All qualitative and mixed-method studies in English and Chinese from 2019 that explored the experiences of nurses who cared for severe COVID-19 patients in ICUs were included. The qualitative meta-synthesis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Two independent reviewers selected the studies and assessed the quality of each study. Meta-synthesis was performed to integrate the results. Results: A total of 12 studies revealed 9 sub-themes and 3 descriptive themes: physical reactions and psychological changes, the need for support from multiple sources, and increased adaptation and resilience. Conclusion: Nurses who treated severe COVID-19 patients have experienced severe work trials and emotional reactions during the pandemic. They have also developed personally in this process. Managers should develop strategies that address the nurse's needs for external support, reasonably respond to public health emergencies, and improve nursing care outcomes.

Psychological experience of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only placed an unprecedented strain on healthcare systems worldwide, but has also caused irreparable physical and psychological damage to those infected. It is essential to understand the disease process and psychological experience of patients with COVID-19, to provide them with efficacious psychological guidance and interventions. This qualitative systematic review sought to explore the experience of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: The meta-analysis methodology developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute guided this systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis. Seven databases were searched, with no language restrictions. This study was registered with PROSPERO under accession number CRD42021279266. RESULTS: A total of 3107 potentially eligible articles were identified through database and reference list searches, among which 23 studies (from 10 countries) were ultimately included in our analysis. Five interrelated themes emerged: the complex psychological course of COVID-19 patients; the impact of the disease on the body; the expectation of support and guidance from multiple sources; coping strategies; and post-traumatic growth. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress among patients with COVID-19 was found to be widespread. Healthcare providers should pay attention to the psychological changes in patients, ensure continuity of care and provide professional support from hospital to home, and build patients' confidence so that they can return to their families and society. Long-term follow-up studies may provide deeper insight into the psychological needs of survivors.

The experience of the nurse during the COVID-19 pandemic: A global meta-synthesis in the year of the nurse.

PURPOSE: From its beginnings in China in December of 2019, the novel coronavirus COVID-19 spread and quickly became the center of nursing care and conversation across the globe (WHO, 2020). This meta-ethnographic study was conducted in order to provide the profession of nursing interpretative explanations of a common experience during the care of patients with COVID-19. DESIGN AND METHOD: A literature review focused on the experience of the nurse during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed a total of 13 qualitative studies conducted in China, Spain, Turkey, Iran, Brazil, and the United States. A meta-ethnographic review of these qualitative works, using the method of Noblit and Hare, was then conducted which revealed the experience of the nurse across the globe during the COVID-19 pandemic. FINDINGS: The review revealed strong similarities between the experiences of the nurse across the 13 studies. Given this reciprocal relationship, translations were constructed and synthesized until four new themes emerged outlining the global experience of the nurse during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the differences between the structures of healthcare and government of the six countries represented in this meta-ethnography, the experience of the nurse emerged into a narrative shared by those represented in this study. As the profession of nursing continues to work through ongoing waves of COVID-19, these results will help guide the resources and training provided to nurses on the frontline of care. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite great personal risk, nurses across the globe stepped up to the challenge of upholding and improving the health of the world's people during the COVID-19 pandemic. As health policy, education, and system leaders, we must listen to the common experience revealed in this meta-synthesis and respond by providing the resources needed to improve nursing practice and care.